Human history is a story of incursion of one culture over the other utilizing military advantages and dexterity of the rulers. With incursions and invasions cultural amalgamations have taken place and created new cultural identities around which nations have strengthened themselves. However, the movements and adjustments have taken place based on the basis of the elements inherent in the circumstances of
history. The conditions existing in the external world were catalytic to such
changes. They did not include any projection of ideology, or vision of man
outside the questions of survival, security, dominance and conquest.

Man`s vision of a higher social order came with the rise of scientific knowledge and the adoption of rational thinking, with which it could scrutinize the nature of the world.
The industrial revolution, which followed the rise of the modern science,
created new circumstances of production and expansion of markets across the
globe. The economic disparities among the nations and between the nations grew
with the ownership and control of the technological modes of productions, and
hegemony of the colonial powers over the global market.  It generated the so-called proletariat class, whose labor became the foundation of capital generation. They were enchained in the mechanical world of production like slaves without any rights over what they produced. Capitalists built their castles on the profits gained from the
labor of the working class, and establishing a market based on unfair mode of
exchange.

It gave rise to moments of history when man started reflecting about the ways to find freedom without being led by circumstances and the power of the traditional players
governing the social and political order. Ideas about a better social order,
which may free the oppressed and move history towards a universal goal of
freedom for all, started taking roots. Nature of man`s freedom and the ways it
may be achieved became a sphere of philosophical speculation and sowed the
seeds of revolutionary ideas. The ideas of socialism and communism inspired
many intellectuals willing to defend freedom of man with the vision that man
should redefine social order beyond the animal behavior by using the power of
ideas and reason. With it history took a turn. The ideas about the way human
history should move, without following the blind tracks governed by circumstances, came to challenge the old order. However, in a socialist/communist environment where all should enjoy equal opportunities and freedom of development, the question ”how to secure the grounds of survival, and inspire creative engagements, which would fulfill the desire for self-realization?” became the hard nuts to crack. How to neutralize the forces
of the capitalist and traditionalist power groups constantly pressing on to dismantle the socialist ideology, became the greatest challenge for the revolutionists.

These developments of history made human rights proclaiming freedom from hunger and need and life in dignity for all, the main pillars for building social order everywhere, irrespective of culture, race and tradition.

However, most plants do not wander around in search for grounds for survival, reproduction and growth. They make use of the conditions available locally in the environment and seek the best strategy to secure their needs of supply of nutrition and energy within the conditions where they grow their roots. They respond to the changing
climate and orient themselves according to the ways their existence can be best
secured. Their choices arise more as responses to the changing external climate,
in which they are destined to live. In contrast, in the animal kingdom the choices
are more than mere responses to natural state of affairs.  In pursuit of better ground for nutrition, and energy and security for survival and reproduction, they constantly choose
their environment defying the rigid ground which tries to destine and control
their existence. This indicates a sort of will, which one may call the
will-to-live. However, as long as their mobility is constrained within a
sphere, they are also destined by the conditions available in that sphere. Higher
the mobility and greater the intelligence to make best use of the available
resources, more successful the animals are in their struggle for survival and
growth.

This freedom to move and choose is invariably threatened by competitions posed by others who are similarly seeking their grounds of survival and security. In a situation where there are not enough resources to sustain and secure all, desiring to live in the
same environment, the life becomes an arena of conflict. The primary method of
resolving conflicts in the animal kingdom is often the use of brutal physical power.
Normally one, who is physically stronger, will win over their weaker competitors. Conflicts also inspire innovation and creativity. By making intelligent use of the brains in newer ways one may be able to find strategies and methods to secure oneself against the dominance of the physically stronger animals. Thus by using creative intelligence one can prevail, like the homo-sapiens has succeeded against the ferocious animals in the jungle.

However, creativity does not bring an end to competition, rather it can, in fact, inspire fiercer competition among the members of the same group. Once one fails to secure one`s ground for survival by one`s own initiative alone, the best strategy is to form
social network of cooperation with others living in a similar situation. This can
give a stronger ground to stand against those who may threaten the existence.
The efforts of the many, while sharing methods and means, which have been
proved successful and exchanging knowledge and experience, one can greatly
enhance the security of life. Most animals develop their own social modes of
interactions, which are aimed at this goal.

The animal species, who have been able to secure the desired ground by using creative means and social networking and cooperation, carry urges to maintain their dominance over the less successful species.The fear of losing the secure ground often motivates one to dominanate over others. If the dominance goes unchallenged, the successful groups tend to extend their sphere of security even further than what the immediate conditions may demand. Thus they may become more power hungry and develop future strategies to perpetuate their hold of power.

It is in this social environment cultures evolve. One may define culture as an intelligent creative way of forging common platforms of cooperation among individuals. By sharing
common view, or forging cooperation around a common social endeavor, or
communicating emotional elements appealing to the common nature of the group,
who live in similar environment, bonds of cultural cohesion are formed. This is
a sphere of interaction which is solely reserved for the human beings. Culture
is also a means to develop strategy,  acquire knowledge and invent ways to forge social platform where individuals can share their creative possibilities, which may be appreciated by others and made use of  to characterize the identity of the group.

With evolution of man, the cultures have diversified. Many different innovative approaches and ideas have created many different cultural groupings. An individual culture can be identified by the knowledge of the world and nature which its members share, and the views about the creation and meaning of life they subscribe to.  The fears about the natural catastrophes and the uncontrollable destiny bringing death, unleashed by the natural forces, have led human beings to speculate about a world outside the realm where they live and compete. This has inspired imagination to believe in the existence of supernatural world inhabited by supernatural beings. Often the fear about the supernatural world and the curiosity to understand the dynamics which drive
natural phenomena around have resulted in forging a cultural platform. The
belief that the supernatural powers can be appeased and invoked to intervene on
behalf of a group in order to secure success in the competition against its
rivals, has a strong appeal in most cultures. Rituals are prescribed to seek blessings
of the supernatural power to fight against others. Societies have thus two main
pillars for ensuring securities – one is the military strategists who execute
powers in affairs under human control, and the other is the representatives of
Heaven, who can call for the intervention of supernatural power to act in one`s
favor.

Thus most social and cultural diversifications have taken place according to the military-strategic constellation and the spiritual-religious institutions which promise security
to the members adhering to the culture. In early days of human civilization, often some living mortal represented Heaven, like the Faraos in Egypt, who ruled in the name of the gods. The military men were amalgamated with the spiritual world, or spiritual representatives became subservient to the military men.

With the passage of history there had been power struggles between the military men defending the society against external threats of power, and the religious men defending the mortals from the wraths of the gods by conducting rituals to appease Heaven.